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IBM Systems Journal
Business Innovation   Volume 44, Number 1, 2005
Table of contents: HTMLPDF This article: HTMLPDF   Copyright info

Mapping the future in science-intensive industries: Lessons from the pharmaceutical industry - References

 by J. W. Cortada
and H. E. Fraser
Cited references and notes

  1. J. L. Gaddis, The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past, Oxford University Press, New York (2002), pp. 86–87.
  2. M. M. Waldrop, Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Chaos, Simon & Schuster, New York (1991), p. 140.
  3. D. J. Watts, Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age, W. W. Norton, New York (2003).
  4. J. Spohrer, D. McDavid, P. P. Maglio, and J. W. Cortada, “Convergence and Coevolution: Towards a Services Science,” to be published.
  5. For example, see R. W. Oliver, The Coming Biotech Age: The Business of Bio-Materials, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000), pp. 7–25, 115–143.
  6. Peter Drucker on the Profession of Management, , N. Stone, Editor, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (1998), p. 67.
  7. R. E. Neustadt and E. R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision Makers, Free Press, New York (1986).
  8. M. E. Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York (1980).
  9. C. M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (1997), pp. 187–206.
  10. J. W. Cortada, The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries, Oxford University Press, New York (2004).
  11. Strategic Change, IBM Institute for Business Value, http://www-1.ibm.com/services/strategy/.
  12. A. Toffler, Future Shock, Random House, New York (1970), p. 1.
  13. J. Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our lives, Warner Books, New York (1982), p. 1.
  14. R. Alcaly, The New Economy, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York (2003), p. 4.
  15. For an example, see the approach taken by one futurist: Institute for Alternative Futures, http://www.altfutures.com/.
  16. See the ABA Banking Online Journal, http://www.ababj.com/.
  17. J. W. Cortada, The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Financial, Telecommunications, Media and Entertainment Industries, Oxford University Press, New York, to be published.
  18. J. Kling, “From Hypertension to Angina to Viagra,” Modern Drug Discovery 1, No. 2, 31–38 (1998), http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/mdd/98/novdec/viagra.html.
  19. Pharma 2005: An Industrial Revolution in R & D, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Basingstoke, UK (1998), reprinted by IBM Corporation (2002).
  20. Pharma 2005, 3 volumes, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Basingstoke, U.K. (1998), reprinted by IBM Corporation (2002).
  21. Pharma 2010: The Threshold of Innovation, IBM Corporation (2002), http://www-1.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/ibvstudy/imc/a1001099?cntxtld=a1000060.
  22. For a review of the profound role of science in this industry, see Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health, R. Landau, B. Achilladelis, and A. Scriabine, Editors, Chemical Heritage Press, Philadelphia, PA (1999).
  23. Pharma 2010: Silicon Reality, IBM Corporation (2004), pp. 1–4.
  24. “Amgen's Star Performance,” SCRIP Magazine, 35 (February 2004).
  25. Our reference to “subcellular” alludes to systems biology, protein folding, and for some readers, might also need to include protein structure prediction. The first is often quite limited by the lack of sufficient experimental data to produce predictive models of the cell. Protein dynamics are only just now being subjected to computational analysis, but we predict more will occur over the next 10–15 years.
  26. For example, if a biology professor developed a strain of grass that did not grow more than one inch and a manufacturer of lawn mowers was not aware of this activity, that firm could suffer a rapid decline in sales of this equipment as consumers rushed out to plant the new seeds.
  27. Expanding Meanings of Health, Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, CA (January 2004).
  28. S. A. Brown, Revolution at the Checkout Counter, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1997).
  29. A Risk-Based Approach to Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for the 21st Century, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.gov/cder/gmp/.
  30. A. Arundel, “Measuring the Economic Impacts of Biotechnology: From R & D to Applications,” in The Economic and Social Dynamics of Biotechnology, J. de la Mothe and J. Niosi, Editors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA (2000), pp. 83–100.
  31. J. Collins and J. I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, HarperBusiness, New York (1994).
  32. A. Murray, The Lisbon Scorecard: The Status of Economic Reform in the Enlarging EU, Centre for European Reform, London, UK (March 2004).
  33. The IBM Institute for Business Value has launched a study of the fundamental changes underway in the world of central governments, using the same techniques as those applied in other global industries such as retail and pharmaceuticals.
  34. For a description of trends, see J. W. Cortada, “Learning from History: Leveraging Experience and Context to Improve Organizational Excellence,” Journal of Organizational Excellence, 23–29 (Spring2002).
  35. The lag time between when a technology is viable to use and its adoption has existed for a long time in all industries and is an issue that has been studied. For example, see M. Albrecht, and J. W. Cortada, “Optimizing Investments in Information Technology,” National Productivity Review, 53–60 (Summer 1998).
  36. T. H. Davenport and L. Prusak, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA (1998).
  37. E. Lesser and L. Prusak (eds.), Creating Value with Knowledge: Insights from the IBM Institute for Business Value, Oxford University Press, New York (2004).
  38. For a recent example of this kind of scholarship, see M. Campbell-Kelly, From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2003).
  39. For an earlier study that addressed this issue directly, see J. W. Cortada, The Computer in the United States: From Laboratory to Market, 1930 to 1960, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY (1993).


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