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by J. C. Spohrer
Biographical sketch of author
James C. Spohrer
IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120 (electronic mail: spohrer@us.ibm.com).
Dr. Spohrer is a research scientist at the IBM Almaden Research Center, where he manages the User Experience/Human Computer Interaction Research Group. He received a B.S. degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978, and a Ph.D. degree in computer science from Yale University in 1987. From 1978 to 1982, he developed speech recognition technology at Verbex, an Exxon Enterprises company. From 1989 to 1998, he led learning technology and authoring tools projects at Apple's Advanced Technology Group (ATG), and received Apple's Distinguished Scientist award. Dr. Spohrer has published broadly in the areas of empirical studies of programmers, artificial intelligence, authoring tools, on-line learning communities, intelligent tutoring systems and student modeling, speech recognition, and new paradigms in using computers. He has also helped to found two nonprofit Web sites: The Educational Object Economy (http:// www.eoe.org/) and WorldBoard: A Planetary Infrastructure for Associating Information with Places (http://www.worldboard.org/).
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