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Volume 36, Number 2, 1997
S/390 Parallel Sysplex Cluster
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DB2's use of the coupling facility for data sharing - Referencess
by J. W. Josten, C. Mohan, I. Narang, and J. Z. Teng

Cited references and notes

  1. K. Shoens, "Data Sharing vs Partitioning for Capacity and Availability," IEEE Database Engineering 9, No. 1, 10-16 (March 1986).
  2. M. Stonebraker, "The Case for Shared Nothing, IEEE Database Engineering 9, No. 1, 4-9 (March 1986).
  3. R. J. Peterson and J. P. Strickland, "Log Write-Ahead Protocols and IMS/VS Logging," Proceedings 2nd ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD Symposium on Principles of Database Systems, Atlanta, GA (March 1983), pp. 216-243.
  4. J. Strickland, P. Uhrowczik, and V. Watts, "IMS/VS: An Evolving System," IBM Systems Journal 21, No. 4, 490-513 (1982).
  5. A. Yamashita, "Data Base Integrity at Emergency Restart in Data Sharing," IBM Invention Disclosure SA882-0110, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin 26, No. 2, 863 (July 1983).
  6. K. Shoens, I. Narang, R. Obermarck, J. Palmer, S. Silen, I. Traiger, and K. Treiber, "Amoeba Project," Proceedings IEEE Compcon Spring '85, San Francisco, CA (February 1985).
  7. A. Joshi, "Adaptive Locking Strategies in a Multi-Node Shared Data Model Environment," Proceedings 17th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Barcelona, Spain (September 1991), pp. 181-191.
  8. N. Kronenberg, H. Levy, and W. Strecker, "VAXclusters: A Closely-Coupled Distributed System," ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 4, No. 2, 130-146 (May 1986).
  9. T. K. Rengarajan, P. Spiro, and W. Wright, "High Availability Mechanisms of VAX DBMS Software," Digital Technical Journal, No. 8 (February 1989).
  10. C. Mohan, K. Britton, A. Citron, and G. Samaras, "Generalized Presumed Abort: Marrying Presumed Abort and SNA's LU 6.2 Commit Protocols," Proceedings International Workshop on Advanced Transaction Models and Architectures, Goa, India (August-September 1996); also available as IBM Research Report RJ8684 from the IBM Almaden Research Center.
  11. K. Shoens and K. Treiber, Method for Lock Management, Page Coherency, and Asynchronous Writing of Changed Pages to Shared External Store in a Distributed Computing System, U.S. Patent 4,965,719, IBM Corporation (October 1990).
  12. The Tandem Database Group, "NonStop SQL: A Distributed, High-Performance, High-Availability Implementation of SQL," Proceedings 2nd International Workshop on High Performance Transaction Systems, Asilomar, CA (September 1987), pp. 60-104; also in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 359, D. Gawlick, M. Haynie, and A. Reuter (Editors), Springer-Verlag, NY (1989).
  13. Teradata DBC/1012 Data Base Computer Concepts and Facilities--Release 3.1, Document Number C02-001-05, Teradata Corporation (May 1988).
  14. D. DeWitt, S. Ghandeharizadeh, D. Schneider, A. Bricker, H.-I. Hsiao, and R. Rasmussen, "The Gamma Database Machine Project," IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 2, No. 1, 44-62 (March 1990).
  15. The use of the term "data sharing" in this paper is sometimes used to refer to the DB2 V4 data sharing function, which uses an SDa architecture. We do not use "data sharing" as a synonym for SDi, as in Shoens (Reference 1).
  16. A "single point of failure" is a system component that, if it fails, has no backup; i.e., failure at that point causes the entire system to fail.
  17. ITSC DB2 for MVS/ESA Version 4 Data Sharing Performance Topics, SG24-4611, IBM Corporation (1995); available from IBM branch offices.
  18. These figures do not include an estimated 3 percent fixed MVS sysplex overhead.
  19. The time that it takes to interact with the CF for a global lock will depend on the processor type on which the CF is running and also on the speed (and length) of the CF links.
  20. C. Mohan, B. Lindsay, and R. Obermarck, "Transaction Management in the R* Distributed Data Base Management System," ACM Transactions on Database Systems 11, No. 4, 378-396 (December 1986); also available as IBM Research Report RJ5037 from the IBM Almaden Research Center.
  21. DB2 only uses the force-at-commit policy if there is actual "physical" inter-DB2 R/W interest on a page set or partition. The inter-DB2 interest level is dynamically tracked by DB2, as explained elsewhere in this paper.
  22. A "plan" is the control structure produced during the application bind process and used to process SQL statements encountered during statement execution.
  23. By "physical consistency" we mean that only one transaction at a time can be moving bits around on a given page. If multiple transactions were allowed to concurrently modify a page at the same instant in time, then the updates may interfere with one another, thus rendering the page physically inconsistent.
  24. We use the term "update" to generically refer to any SQL INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command.
  25. Repeatable read (RR) is the isolation level that provides maximum protection from other executing application programs. When an application program executes with RR protection, rows referenced by the program cannot be changed by other programs until the program reaches a commit point.
  26. This technique is used to recover the page during restart, applying the "redo" log records where the LSN is greater than the LSN in the page header. It is the consequence of the DBMS not writing the updated page to disk at commit time. DB2 uses this approach.
  27. C. Mohan, I. Narang, and J. Palmer, A Case Study of Problems in Migrating to Distributed Computing: Page Recovery Using Multiple Logs in the Shared Disks Environment, IBM Research Report RJ7343 (March 1990); available from the IBM Almaden Research Center.
  28. R. Crus, "Data Recovery in IBM Database 2," IBM Systems Journal 23, No. 2, 178-188 (1984).

General references

C. Carr, R. L. Huddleston, and J. Strickland, Method and Means for the Retention of Locks Across System, Subsystem, and Communication Failures in a Multiprocessing, Multiprogramming, Shared Data Environment, U. S. Patent 4,480,304, IBM Corporation (1985).

DB2 for MVS/ESA Version 4 Data Sharing: Planning and Administration, SC26-3269-01, IBM Corporation (1995); available through IBM branch offices.

D. Haderle and R. Jackson, "IBM Database 2 Overview," IBM Systems Journal 23, No. 2, 112-125 (1984).

IBM S/390 Sysplex Overview: Introducing Data Sharing and Parallelism in a Sysplex, GC28-1208, IBM Corporation (1994); available through IBM branch offices.

J. Josten, T. Masatani, C. Mohan, I. Narang, and J. Teng, Efficient Data Base Access Using a Shared Electronic Store in a Multi-System Environment with Shared Disks, U.S. Patent 5,408,653, IBM Corporation (April 1995).

C. Mohan, "ARIES/KVL: A Key-Value Locking Method for Concurrency Control of Multiaction Transactions Operating on B-Tree Indexes," Proceedings 16th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Brisbane, Australia (August 1990), pp. 392-405; also available as IBM Research Report RJ7008 from IBM Almaden Research Center.

C. Mohan, "A Cost-Effective Method for Providing Improved Data Availability During DBMS Restart Recovery after a Failure," Proceedings 19th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Dublin, Ireland (August 1993), pp. 368-379; also available as IBM Research Report RJ8114 from IBM Almaden Research Center.

C. Mohan, D. Haderle, B. Lindsay, H. Pirahesh, and P. Schwarz, "ARIES: A Transaction Recovery Method Supporting Fine-Granularity Locking and Partial Rollbacks Using Write-Ahead Logging," ACM Transactions on Database Systems 17, No. 1, 94-162 (March 1992). A different version of this paper is available as IBM Research Report RJ6649 from IBM Almaden Research Center.

C. Mohan and I. Narang, "Data Base Recovery in Shared Disks and Client-Server Architectures," Proceedings 12th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Yokohama, Japan (June 1992).

C. Mohan and I. Narang, "Recovery and Coherency-Control Protocols for Fast Intersystem Page Transfer and Fine-Granularity Locking in a Shared Disks Transaction Environment," Proceedings 17th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Barcelona, Spain (September 1991), pp. 193-207. A longer version is available as IBM Research Report RJ8017 from IBM Almaden Research Center.

C. Mohan and H. Pirahesh, "ARIES-RRH: Restricted Repeating of History in the ARIES Transaction Recovery Method," Proceedings 7th International Conference on Data Engineering, Kobe, Japan (April 1991), pp. 718-727; also available as IBM Research Report RJ7342 from the IBM Almaden Research Center.

MVS/ESA Setting up a Sysplex, GC28-1449-02, IBM Corporation (1995); available through IBM branch offices.

"Oracle Version 6.2 for Loosely-Coupled Systems," FT Systems Newsletter, O. Serlin, Editor, No. 101/102 (January/February 1991).

K. Shoens, Integrated Hierarchical Locks for Data Sharing, IBM Invention Disclosure SA8-88-0058 (1988).

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