Robert F. Enenkel IBM Software Group, Toronto Laboratory, 8200 Warden Avenue, Markham, Ontario, Canada L6G 1C7 (enenkel@ca.ibm.com). Dr. Enenkel currently works in the Optimizing Compiler Group at the IBM Toronto Laboratory; he was previously a Research Associate at the IBM Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS). He worked at IBM on the development of a C compiler and its math library, and developed parallel methods for random-number generation for Fortran and high-performance Fortran compilers prior to joining the CAS. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Toronto, with thesis work in the area of numerical methods for the parallel solution of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations. He currently performs research and development in numerical computing as it relates to compilers and operating systems, including floating-point arithmetic, mathematical function libraries, and the performance tuning of algorithms. He is also interested in parallel computing and the application of numerical methods to practical problems in various areas of science. He has received two IBM Invention Achievement Awards and several IBM Author Recognition Awards. Dr. Enenkel is a member of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. More information may be found on his Web page at https://www-927.ibm.com/ibm/cas/toronto/people/members/renekel.shtml.

Blake G. Fitch IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (bgf@us.ibm.com). Mr. Fitch joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1985 as a student. He received his B.S. degree in computer science from Antioch College in 1987 and remained at IBM to pursue interests in parallel systems. He joined the Scalable Parallel Systems Group in 1990, contributing to research and development that culminated in the IBM scalable parallel system (SP*) product. His research interests have focused on application frameworks and programming models suitable for production parallel computing environments. Practical application of this work includes contributions to the transputer-based control system for the IBM CMOS S/390* mainframes (IBM Boeblingen, Germany, 1994) and the architecture of the IBM Automatic Fingerprint Identification System parallel application (IBM Hursley, UK, 1996). Mr. Fitch joined the Blue Gene project in 1999 as the application architect for Blue Matter, a scalable molecular dynamics package.

Robert S. Germain IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (rgermain@us.ibm.com). Dr. Germain manages the Biomolecular Dynamics and Scalable Modeling Group within the Computational Biology Center at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He received his A.B. degree in physics from Princeton University in 1982 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from Cornell University. He joined the Thomas J. Watson Research Center as a Research Staff Member in the Physical Sciences Department after receiving his doctorate in 1989, and later the VLSI/Scalable Parallel Systems Packaging Department. Dr. Germain was project leader, from 1995 to 1998, for the development of a large-scale fingerprint identification system using an indexing scheme (FLASH) developed at IBM Research. He has been responsible for the science and associated application portions of the Blue Gene project since 2000. His current research interests include the parallel implementation of algorithms for high-performance scientific computing, the development of new programming models for parallel computing, and applications of high-performance computing to challenging scientific problems in computational biology. Dr. Germain is a member of the IEEE and the American Physical Society.

Fred G. Gustavson IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (gustav@us.ibm.com). Dr. Gustavson leads the Algorithms and Architectures project in the Mathematical Sciences Department at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. He received his B.S. degree in physics, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in applied mathematics, all from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He joined IBM Research in 1963. One of his primary interests has been in developing theory and programming techniques for exploiting the sparseness inherent in large systems of linear equations. Dr. Gustavson has worked in the areas of nonlinear differential equations, linear algebra, symbolic computation, computer-aided design of networks, design and analysis of algorithms, and programming applications. He and his group are currently engaged in activities that are aimed at exploiting the novel features of the IBM family of RISC processors. These include hardware design for divide and square root, new algorithms for the IBM Power Family* of processors for the Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library (ESSL) and for other math kernels, and parallel algorithms for distributed and shared memory processors. Dr. Gustavson has received an IBM Outstanding Contribution Award, an IBM Outstanding Innovation Award, an IBM Invention Achievement Award, two IBM Corporate Technical Recognition Awards, and a Research Division Technical Group Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Allan Martin IBM Software Group, Toronto Laboratory, 8200 Warden Avenue, Markham, Ontario, Canada L6G 1C7 (armartin@ca.ibm.com). Mr. Martin graduated from the University of Toronto with a B.S. degree in engineering science in 1999. He has worked in compiler back-end development since 1999, and has expertise in the area of modulo scheduling and other loop optimizations. He has implemented and continues to develop a version of swing modulo scheduling in the compiler that includes a number of algorithm enhancements that help to achieve near-optimal performance.

Mark Mendell IBM Software Group, Toronto Laboratory, 8200 Warden Avenue, Markham, Ontario, Canada L6G 1C7 (mendell@ca.ibm.com) Mr. Mendell graduated from Cornell University in 1980 with a B.S. degree in computer engineering. He received his M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Toronto in 1983. At the University of Toronto, he helped to develop the Concurrent Euclid, Turing, and Turing Plus compilers and worked on the Tunis operating system project. In 1991 he joined IBM, working initially on the AIX* C++ compiler from V1.0 to V5.0. He has been the team leader for the TOBEY Optimizer Group since 2000. Mr. Mendell implemented the automatic compiler support of the dual FPU for the BG/L project.

Jed W. Pitera IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120 (pitera@us.ibm.com). Dr. Pitera is a Research Staff Member in the Science and Technology Department at the IBM Almaden Research Center. His research focuses on the use of computer simulation to address questions in biology and chemistry, particularly in the areas of protein folding, molecular recognition, and self-assembly. He received undergraduate training in biology and chemistry at the California Institute of Technology, where he worked in Dr. Pamela Bjorkman's Protein Crystallography Group. He subsequently pursued graduate studies in biophysics at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) in the laboratory of Dr. Peter Kollman. Dr. Pitera developed an interest in the use of biomolecular simulation and free-energy calculations in the rational design of proteins and pharmaceuticals while in Dr. Kollman's group. He pursued similar work in a postdoctoral position with Prof. Dr. Wilfred van Gunsteren at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), where his research focused on novel methods of calculating free energies for ligand design. He has worked as a member of the IBM Blue Gene Project Science and Application team since February of 2001. Dr. Pitera is also an adjunct assistant professor in the UCSF Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

Michael C. Pitman IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (pitman@watson.ibm.com). Dr. Pitman received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1995 from the University of California at Santa Cruz. He joined the Biomolecular Dynamics and Scalable Modeling Group within the Computational Biology Center at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center soon afterward and continued work in the area of computational drug design methods. He began a leading role in the Blue Gene Protein Science program in 2001, focusing on large-scale membrane and membrane protein simulation. His research interests are focused on understanding the nature of protein–membrane interactions. Dr. Pitman conducts large-scale all-atom simulations of membrane proteins in explicit, biologically relevant environments.

Aleksandr Rayshubskiy IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (arayshu@us.ibm.com). Mr. Rayshubskiy received an M.E. degree in computer science from Cornell University in 2002. He worked in the Biomolecular Dynamics and Scalable Modeling Group within the Computational Biology Center at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 2000 as an intern, joining the group as a full-time software engineer in 2003. Mr. Rayshubskiy worked primarily on the development of the Blue Matter molecular dynamics package. His current research interests include parallel applications, load balancing, performance tuning, and lower-level hardware interfaces to the application.

Frank Suits IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (suits@us.ibm.com). Dr. Suits is a member of the Biomolecular Dynamics and Scalable Modeling Group within the Computational Biology Center at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. This group is responsible for the software and science involved in the protein simulations that are integral to the Blue Gene project. Although his degree is in optical physics, he has worked on a wide variety of projects at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, including optical storage, magnetic storage materials, scientific visualization, and queuing systems. At present, Dr. Suits is focusing on the analysis of the protein and membrane simulations currently running on BG/L.

William C. Swope IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120 (swope@almaden.ibm.com). Dr. Swope has been engaged with the IBM Blue Gene Protein Science Project since 2000, with strong emphasis on biomolecular simulation methodology and the development of practical techniques to simulate protein folding kinetics and thermodynamics. He joined the Science and Technology Department in 1992 at the IBM Almaden Research Center, where he has also been involved in scientific software development for computational chemistry applications and in technical data management issues related to life sciences. He began with IBM in 1982 at IBM Instruments, Inc., an IBM subsidiary that developed scientific instrumentation, where he worked in an advanced processor design group. He also worked for six years at the IBM Scientific Center in Palo Alto, California, where he supported scientific customers of IBM in their development of software for numerically intensive computation. He received his undergraduate degree in chemistry and physics from Harvard University and his Ph.D. degree in quantum chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley. He then performed postdoctoral research on the statistical mechanics of solvation and condensed phases in the chemistry department at Stanford University. Dr. Swope maintains a number of scientific relationships and collaborations with academic and commercial scientists involved in the life sciences, specifically related to drug development.

T. J. Christopher Ward IBM United Kingdom Limited, Hursley House, Hursley Park, Winchester, Hants SO21 2JN, England (tjcw@uk.ibm.com). Mr. Ward graduated from Cambridge University in 1982 with a first-class honors degree in electrical engineering. He has worked for IBM in various hardware and software development roles, always finding ways of improving performance of products and processes. He was a member of the IBM Computational Biology Center at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 2001 to 2004, arranging for the Blue Gene/L hardware and compilers and the Blue Matter protein folding application to work effectively together and achieve the performance entitlement. Mr. Ward currently works for IBM Hursley as part of the IBM Center for Business Optimization, enabling customers of IBM to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by the rapidly decreasing cost of supercomputing services.

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