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Model of a news filtering economyOur model system is an information filtering economy, first described in ref. [Kephart et al., 1998]. It consists of a source agent that publishes news articles, C consumer agents that want to buy articles they are interested in, B broker agents that buy selected articles from the source and resell them to consumers, and a system infrastructure that provides communication and computation services to all agents. A diagram showing part of our model system is shown in Fig. 1. The ellipse at the top represents the source agent, brokers are in the middle, and consumers are at the bottom. Each agent's internal parameters (defined below) are printed inside its ellipse. The system is represented by the rectangle on the left. Solid lines represent the propagation of a sample article through broker 1. Broken lines indicate payment, and are labeled with symbols (explained below) for the amount paid.
The source agent publishes one article at each time step t,
and waits until that article has propagated through the system
before publishing the next. It classifies articles according to its
own internal categorization scheme, assigning
each a category index j when it is offered.
The nature of the categories, and the number J of them, do not change.
We represent this (hidden) classification scheme by a random process
in which an article is assigned category j with fixed probability
Upon receiving an offer, each broker b decides whether or not to buy
the article using its own evaluation method to select which categories
it is ``interested'' in. The broker's evaluation method
is approximated by an
interest vector
When broker b purchases an article, it immediately
sends it to a set of subscribing consumers, paying tranportation
cost
Subscriptions are represented by a
subscription matrix S, where
Each consumer waits for articles to arrive from the brokers it
subscribes to. When a consumer receives one or more copies of an
article, it pays the computation cost
An alternative formulation of the system replaces the consumer's
computational cost Each broker's or consumer's decision-making process may be expressed as an attempt to optimize its utility function, defined as the amount of net ``value'' or ``utility''--however it may be measured--gained by making that particular decision. In the system described here, the expected utility per article for each broker and consumer may be explicitly formulated from the system variables. For consumers, the anticipated value V provides the fundamental benchmark for measuring utility. For brokers, the appropriate measure of utility is profit, defined in the usual way as revenue less expenses. General expressions for consumer utility and broker profit may be found in ref. [Kephart et al., 1998].
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. The set of all 
. Each article labeled with its category
index and
offered for sale to all brokers at a fixed price 
. For each
article
sold to each broker, the source pays a fixed transport cost 
.
, where 
represents
the probability for b to purchase an article labeled with
category j. Analysis of the model [
if they want the right to use (``consume'') it.
The broker's internal parameters 
if consumer c
subscribes to broker b, and 
if not. Subscriptions are
maintained only with the consent of both parties and may be cancelled
by either. For example, a broker b might not wish c to
subscribe if the cost of sending articles exceeds the
expected payment from c, or c might not find it worthwhile
to subscribe to b if the cost of sifting through lots of junk
outweighs the benefit of receiving the rare interesting article.
The requirement that the agreement be bilateral
is represented by setting
,
where 
if broker b wants consumer c as a
subscriber and 
if not; similarly,
if consumer c want to subscribe to broker
b and 
if not.
to evaluate whether it
is interested in the article, then decides whether (and from
whom) to buy it. Like the brokers, the consumers' evaluation function
is approximated by a stochastic process parametrized by an interest
vector 
: consumer c will be interested in an
article labeled with category j with fixed probability 
.
If a consumer is interested in an article, it then selects from the
set of brokers it subscribes to the one broker
with the most attractive offer; we shall assume the most
attractive offer is the cheapest one.
The consumer then decides whether
its interest justifies paying 
for that article. For reasons
of simplicity, we model this decision process as follows: each
consumer assigns a global constant anticipated value V to each
article it is interested in. Then if 
, it purchases the
usage rights; otherwise it discards the article
unused.
for receiving and
discarding ``junk''. In this case the consumer either pays
and